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FOREWORD

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Selected Water Resources Abstracts, a semimonthly journal, includes abstracts of current and earlier pertinent monographs, journal articles, reports, and other publication formats. The contents of these documents cover the water-related aspects of the life, physical, and social sciences as well as related engineering and legal aspects of the characteristics, conserva- tion, control, use, or management of water. Each abstract includes a full bibliographical citation and a set of descriptors or identifers which are listed in the Water Resources Thesaurus (November 1966 edition). Each abstract entry is classified into ten fields and sixty groups similar to the water resources research categories established by the Committee on Water Resources Research of the Federal Council for Science and Technology.

Sufficient bibliographic information is given to enable readers to order the desired documents from local libraries or other sources. WRSIC is not presently prepared to furnish loan or retention copies of the publications announced.

Selected Water Resources Abstracts is designed to serve the scientific and technical information needs of scientists, engineers, and managers as one of several planned services of the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC). The Center was established by the Secretary of the Interior and has been designated by the Federal Council for Science and Technology to serve the water resources community by improving the communication of water-related research results. The Center is pursuing this objective by coordinating and supplementing the existing scientific and technical informa- tion activities associated with active research and investigation program in water resources.

To provide WRSIC with input, selected organizations with active water resources research programs are supported as "centers of competence" responsible for selecting, abstracting, and indexing from the current and earlier pertinent literature in specified subject areas. Centers, and their sub- ject coverage, now in operation are:

• Ground and surface water hydrology at the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior.

• Metropolitan water resources management at the Center for Urban Studies of the University of Chicago.

• Eastern United States water law at the College of Law of the University of Florida.

• Policy models of water resources systems at the Department of Water Resources Engineering of Cornell University.

• Water resources economics at the Water Resources Research Institute of Rutgers University.

• Design and construction of hydraulic structures; weather modification; and evaporation control at the Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado.

• Eutrophication at the Water Resources Center of the University of Wis- consin, jointly sponsored by the FWPCA, Soap and Detergent Association, and the Agricultural Research Service.

• Water resources of arid lands at the Office of Arid Lands Studies of the University of Arizona.

In cooperation with the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, the following "centers of competence" have been established:

• Thermal pollution at the Department of Sanitary and Water Resources Engineering of Vanderbilt University.

• Textile wastes pollution at the School of Textiles of North Carolina State University.

• Water quality requirements for freshwater and marine organisms at the College of Fisheries of the University of Washington.

• Wastewater treatment and management at the Center for Research in Water Resources of the University of Texas.

The input from these Centers, and from the 51 Water Resources Research Institutes administered under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, as well as input from the grantees and contractors of the Office of Water Resources Research and other Federal water resources agencies with which the Center has agreements becomes the information base from which this journal is, and other information services will be, derived; these services include bibliographies, specialized indexes, literature searches, and state-of- the-art reviews.

Comments and suggestions concerning the contents and arrangement of this bulletin are welcome.

Water Resources Scientific

Information Center Office of Water Resources Research U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D. C. 20240

CONTENTS

FOREWORD iii

SUBJECT FIELDS AND GROUPS

(Use Edge Index on back cover to Locate Subject Fields and Indexes in the journal.)

01 NATURE OF WATER

Includes the following Groups: Properties; Aqueous Solutions and Suspensions

02 WATER CYCLE

Includes the following Groups: General; Precipitation; Snow, Ice, and Frost; Evaporation and Transpiration; Streamflow and Runoff; Groundwater; Water in Soils; Lakes; Water in Plants; Erosion and Sedimentation; Chemical Processes; Estuaries.

03 WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION

Includes the following Groups: Saline Water Conversion; Water Yield Improvement; Use of Water of Impaired Quality; Conservation in Domestic and Municipal Use; Conservation in Industry; Con- servation in Agriculture.

04 WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

Includes the following Groups: Control of Water on the Surface; Groundwater Management; Effects on Water of Man's Non-Water Activities; Watershed Protection.

05 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION

Includes the following Groups: Identification of Pollutants; Sources of Pollution; Effects of Pollution; Waste Treatment Processes; Ultimate Disposal of Wastes; Water Treatment and Quality Altera- tion; Water Quality Control.

06 WATER RESOURCES PLANNING

Includes the following Groups: Techniques of Planning; Evaluation Process; Cost Allocation, Cost Sharing, Pricing/Repayment; Water Demand; Water Law and Institutions; Nonstructural Alternatives; Ecologic Impact of Water Development.

07 RESOURCES DATA

Includes the following Groups: Network Design; Data Acquisition; Evaluation, Processing and Publication.

08 ENGINEERING WORKS

Includes the following Groups: Structures; Hydraulics; Hydraulic Machinery; Soil Mechanics; Rock Mechanics and Geology; Con- crete; Materials; Rapid Excavation; Fisheries Engineering.

09 MANPOWER, GRANTS, AND FACILITIES

Includes the following Groups: Education-Extramural; Education- In-House; Research Facilities; Grants, Contracts, and Research Act Allotments.

10 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Includes the following Groups: Acquisition and Processing; Refer- ence and Retrieval; Secondary Publication and Distribution; Spe- cialized Information Center Services; Translations; Preparation of Reviews.

SUBJECT INDEX

AUTHOR INDEX

ORGANIZATIONAL INDEX

ACCESSION NUMBER INDEX

ABSTRACT SOURCES

SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS

01. NATURE OF WATER

IB. Aqueous Solutions and Suspensions

A STUDY OF A SPECIFIC INFLUENCE OF DIS- SOLVED IONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF WATER,

Rocketdyne, Canoga Park, Calif. J. Greyson, and H. Snell.

For sale by Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Wash, DC 20402 - Price $0.45. Office of Saline Water Research and Development Progress Report No 523, Jan 1970. 32 p, 7 fig, 4 tab, 33 ref. OSW Contract No 14-01- 0001-1701.

Descriptors: *Water structure, *Ions, *Solutes, •Thermodynamic behavior, *Desalination processes. Thermodynamics, Water properties, Aqueous solutions, Water chemistry, Heavy water, Membrane processes.

Identifiers: Transfer properties, Transfer free ener- gy- Entropies of transfer between heavy and normal water for several multivalent cations and several polyatomic anions were determined from combina- tion of heats of transfer obtained from calorimetric measurements with free energies of transfer ob- tained from cell measurements. The ions in- vestigated included the alkaline earth cations, the group of aliphatic acid anions from the formate through the caproate, and the inorganic anions car- bonate, nitrate, sulfate, and sulfite. The standard heat of transfer values for the alkaline earth chlorides and the sodium salts of the inorganic anions indicated an exothermic transfer for the process salt in heavy water to normal water. For the sodium salts of the aliphatic acid anions, the heat of transfer was negative for sodium formate, near zero for sodium propionate and butyrate, and positive for sodium caproate. Calculated entropy values fol- lowed the same pattern as the heats. The alkaline earth chlorides (with the exception of magnesium chloride) behave as structure-breaking salts. The structure influence and the concentration depen- dence of the entropies of transfer of the salts are explained in terms of the Gurney cosphere model. (Knapp-USGS) W70-07651

STUDIES ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF OR- GANIC DETRITUS DERIVED FROM THE TUR- TLE GRASS THALASSIA TESTUDINUM,

Miami Univ., Fla. Inst, of Marine Science.

Tom Fenchel.

Limnology and Oceanography, Vol 15, No 1, p 14-

20, 1970. 5 fig, 16 ref.

Descriptors: *Decomposing organic matter, •Detritus, Biological communities. Oxygen, Bac- teria, Diatoms, Amphipoda, Metabolism, Respira- tion, Ecosystems, Animals, Florida, Sampling, Al- gae, Nematodes, Fungi, Actinomycetes, Cyanophyta, Rotifers, Food chains, Sea water. Identifiers: *Turtle grass, Thalassia testidinum, Ciliates, Parhyalella whelpleyi, Flagellates, Fecal pellets, Key Biscayne (Fla), Monas, Oikomonas, Tropidoscyphus, Entosiphon, Bodo,

Rhynchomonas, Euplotes, Aspidisca, Uronema marina, Cyclidium, Diophrys, Hydrobia, Littonotus duplostriatus.

Measurements of metabolic rates do not always wholly depict a specific component's role. The quantitative composition of microbial communities living on detrital particles derived from turtle grass Thalassia testudinum was studied. Organism num- bers on and rate of oxygen consumption of detritus are approximately proportional to total surface area. Field samples of detritus harbored about 3 billion bacteria, 50 million flagellates, 50,000 ciliates, and 20 million diatoms and consumed from 0.7 to 1.4 milligrams oxygen/hour per gram dry weight. The detritus-consuming amphipod Par-

' yalella whelpleyi feeds on detrital particles and on its own fecal pellets but only uses the microorgan- isms; dead plant residue passes undigested through the intestine. After a few days microbial communi- ties living on fecal pellets are qualitatively and quantitatively comparable to those living on other detrital particles. The amphipods decrease detritus particle size thereby increasing its total surface and thus the microbial activity. In less than four days, mechanical activity of amphipods may increase the detrital oxygen uptake by 110% of their own metabolic rate. Measurements of respiratory rates of the amphipods will therefore give a depressed estimate of their total role in the ecosystem. (Jones-Wisconsin ) W70-08109

02. WATER CYCLE 2A. General

WATER RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO: OC- CURRENCE, DEVELOPMENT, AND USE,

New Mexico State Engineer Office, and New Mex- ico Interstate Stream Commission. For primary bibliographic entry see Field 06D. W70-07786

THE ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF FROM RAIN- FALL FOR NEW BRUNSWICK WATERSHEDS,

Nelson Basin Board, Regina (Saskatchewan); and

New Brunswick Univ., Fredericton. Dept. of Civil

Engineering.

J. Lee, and D. I. Bray.

Journal of Hydrology, Vol 9, No 4, p 427-437,

December 1969. 1 1 p, 1 fig, 3 tab, 1 1 ref.

Descriptors: * Rainfall-runoff relationships,

•Statistical methods, Antecedent precipitation, Rainfall, Precipitation (Atmospheric), Regression analysis, Hydrograph analysis, Equations, Runoff forecasting, Depth-area-duration analysis, Infiltra- tion. Identifiers: 'New Brunswick (Canada).

Prediction equations have been derived for forecasting runoff volume for regions within the Province of New Brunswick. Five basins were selected so as to provide a regionally representative distribution over the province. The prediction equations are based on the storm rainfall, an- tecedent precipitation index, base flow and week number in which the storm occurred. Statistical methods were used to obtain the least-squares mul- tiple linear regression equation, correlation coeffi- cient, and the standard error for each of the techniques used for the watersheds. The number of storms varied from 8 to 23 for the basins studied. The standard error of the optimum prediction equations for runoff ranged from 0.065 inches to 0.212 inches and the multiple correlation coeffi- cient (R) varied from 0.556 to 0.963. The results of the regression equations developed for one basin were extended to a neighboring basin of similar hydrological characteristics but with only recent streamflow records. (Knapp-USGS) W70-07904

RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS EX- PRESSED BY DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS,

Toronto Univ. (Ontario). Dept. of Civil Engineer- ing.

EmilO. Frind.

Journal of Hydrology, Vol 9, No 4, p 405-426, December 1969. 22 p, lOfig, 15 ref.

Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships,

•Statistical models, Statistics, Parametric hydrolo- gy, Runoff forecasting, Recession curves. Simula- tion analysis. Synthetic hydrology, Mathematical models, Computer models, Probability, Stochastic processes.

Identifiers: Log normal distributions, Gamma dis- tributions.

The statistical parameters of precipitation and ru- noff, and the interrelations between corresponding parameters involve three processes: the input process (mean annual effective precipitation), the transformation process (basin storage), and the output process (mean annual runoff). The input is assumed to be a pure-random series, with known statistical parameters. The transformation is characterized by an exponential recession curve with one parameter. With these assumptions, equa- tions are developed expressing the statistical parameters of the output for any length of car- ryover. The validity of these equations is confirmed by means of computer-simulated series, which are analyzed for their moments. The type of distribu- tion of the output is also established. (Knapp- USGS) W70-07905

2B. Precipitation

AN INVESTIGATION OF CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION FOR THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS,

Texas Univ., Austin. Coll. of Engineering.

Donald R. Haragan.

Texas Water Development Board Report III, Mar

1970. 126 p, 30 fig, 18 tab, 25 ref, 4 append. Texas

Water Development Board Grant IAC (68-69) -

175.

Descriptors: *Meteorology, *Synoptic analysis, •Texas, *Climatology, Clouds, Precipitation (At- mospheric), Droughts, Cloud seeding, Distribution patterns, Meteorological data, Weather data, Data collections. Identifiers: High Plains (Texas).

A study of the relationship among cloudiness, precipitable water vapor, water vapor flux, stability and precipitation is presented for the Texas High Plains. A cloud census gives the annual and diurnal variations of cloud types and amounts in the area. The most common cloud types are altocumulus and cirrus. Total cloud cover is greatest during winter and least during fall. During periods of above nor- mal rainfall, precipitation during late fall and winter is associated with stratiform clouds and cyclonic activity. Spring and summer precipitation is most highly correlated with cumuliform clouds. Periods of above normal precipitation in the plains area are associated with above normal cloud amounts, while dry periods are generally lacking in clouds. An exception is summer cumulus which oc- curs during both dry and wet periods. Wet periods are further characterized by atmospheric instability and above normal values of precipitable water vapor and water vapor transport. Dry periods are associated with atmospheric circulation patterns which either serve to cut off the supply of low-level moisture, produce subsidence and consequent at- mospheric stability, or both. Occasionally, how- ever, sufficient clouds are present during dry periods in conjunction with adequate supplies of precipitable water and the absence of upper level stability to hold promise for artificial cloud modifi- cation experiments. (Knapp-USGS) W70-07655

THE DESIGN OF NOZZLE NETWORKS FOR THE SIMULATION OF RAINFALL,

Imperial Coll. of Science and Technology, London

(England).

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 07A.

W70-07674

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SNOW SURVEY DATA,

Soil Conservation Service, Boise, Idaho.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 06B.

W70-07676

MONTANA TELEMETRY SYSTEM,

Soil Conservation Service, Bozeman, Mont.; and Montana State Univ., Bozeman. Dept. of Engineer- ing.

Field 02— WATER CYCLE Group 2B— Precipitation

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 07A. W7O-07678

A STUDY OF ARIDITY AND DROUGHTS AT VISAKHAPATNAM,

Andhra Univ., Waltair (India).

V. P. Subrahmanyam, and C. V. S. Sastri.

Annals of Arid Zone, Vol 8, No 1, p 18-22, Mar

1969. 5 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.

Descriptors: *Water balance, 'Droughts, *Arid cli- mates, 'Semi-arid climates, 'Moisture deficit, Consumptive use, Hydrologic budget, Precipita- tion, Climatic data. Identifiers: 'India, 'Aridity index.

Drought is a term of limited meaning involving a condition of water deficiency while aridity is a cli- matic term of wide connotation. The aridity index was developed for classification of climates and is the ratio of annual water deficit to annual water need. Yearly aridity indices for Visakhapatnam, In- dia, were calculated for the years 1891-1965 ac- cording to a standard book-keeping procedure for water balance. The data indicate that drought in- tensities cannot be assessed purely on the basis of precipitation since water deficits do not necessarily vary with rainfall. It is concluded that disastrous droughts are the results not of total rainfall but of maldistribution of rainfall, and that drought dura- tion is as crucial to water balance as drought inten- sity. (Casey-Arizona) W70-07796

SOME ASPECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN ARID AND SEMIARID ZONE OF INDIA,

Central Arid Zone Research Inst., Jodhpur (India). For primary bibliographic entry see Field 03F. W70-07797

A HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL STUDY RE- LATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION AND RUNOFF OVER SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS - URBAN VERSUS RURAL AREAS,

Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Water Resources Inst.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 04C. W7O-0798O

THE CLIMATE OF CITIES,

William P. Lowry.

Scientific American, Vol. 217, No. 2, p. 15-24, Au- gust 1967. 14 fig.

Descriptors: 'Precipitation (Atmospheric), 'Air temperature, 'Climates, Fog, Smoke, Humidity, Absorption, Solar radiation, Cloud cover. Identifiers: 'Heat isaldn, 'Dust dome, Infrared photography, Thermograph.

The five basic reasons for the variations in climate between the cities and the countryside included: ( 1 ) Greater absorption of heat energy by surface materials in the city than in the countryside; (2) The greater variation in shapes and orientation of structures; (3) Increased number of particulates in the air above the city; (4) Extra generation of heat in the city; and (5) Distinctly different ways of disposing of precipitation, leading to less cooling. These basic influences apply to a city during the course of a day. As the sun comes up, slow circula- tion of air between the city and the suburbs occurs due to the reflection of rays and absorption of heat caused by the walls in the city. At midday little dif- ference in temperature could be detected between the city and the suburbs. In the late afternoon, how- ever, a marked difference was observed. At night, the suburbs cooled more rapidly. Other observed characteristics of the city included a 'dust dome,' a heat island, loss of sunlight, frequency of fogs, and increased precipitation. In summary, the variables of climate arc profoundly affected by the physical characteristics and human activities of a city. Those living in the city have lower heating bills,

fewer days with snow, and a longer gardening

season. (Osborne-Vanderbilt)

W70-08121

MODELS OF PRECIPITATING CUMULUS TOWERS,

Environmental Science Services Administration,

Miami, Fla. Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry

Lab.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 03B.

W70-08124

RECENT STUDIES OF URBAN EFFECTS ON PRECIPITATION IN THE UNITED STATES,

Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 04C.

W70-08126

MOISTURE POLLUTION OF THE AT- MOSPHERE BY COOLING TOWERS AND COOLING PONDS,

Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Dept. of Atmospher- ic Sciences.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 05C. W70-08128

2C. Snow, Ice, and Frost

FALLOUT AND CLIMATE STUDIES ON FIRN CORES FROM CARREFOUR, GREENLAND,

Innsbruck Univ. (Austria); and Copenhagen Univ.

(Denmark). H. C. Orsted Inst.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 05A.

W70-07667

2D. Evaporation and Transpiration

PRESENT DAY EVAPORATION MEASURE- MENT TECHNIQUES,

Geological Survey, Denver, Colo. G. Earl Harbeck, Jr., and J. Stuart Meyers. ASCE Proceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics Divi- sion, Vol 96, No HY7, Paper 7388, p 1381-1390, July 1970. 10 p, 2 fig, 1 tab, 14 ref, append.

Descriptors: 'Reservoir evaporation, 'Reservoirs,

'Mass transfer, 'Energy budget, Solar radiation,

Water measurement, Costs, Evaporation, Water

loss.

Identifiers: Falcon Reservoir (US-Mexico).

The energy-budget and mass-transfer methods are currently being used by the U.S. Geological Survey to measure evaporation from lakes and reservoirs. Because the field equipment is expensive and data processing and analysis are time consuming, the use of the energy-budget method is limited to those reservoirs where the need for detailed information warrants the expense.Ordinarily the mass-transfer coefficient for a selected reservoir is determined using the energy-budget method over a period of 15 months or longer. After this, the energy-budget equipment can be removed, and the mass-transfer method, which requires a minimum of equipment and office work, can be used to compute evapora- tion on a continuing basis. During 1965-67 a cooperative study by the International Boundary and Water Commission and the Geological Survey showed that evaporation from Falcon Reservoir on the Rio Grande was 189 cm and 167 cm for two successive years. (Knapp-USGS) W70-07664

GENERAL CIRCULATION OF WATER MASSES IN THE RED SEA,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Mass. G. Sicdler.

In: Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea; published by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. p 131-137, 1969. 7 p, 7 fig, 32 ref.

Descriptors: 'Currents (Water), 'Salinity, Density currents, Evaporation, Water temperature, Winds, Oceanography, Mapping, Climates, Arid lands. Identifiers: 'Red Sea.

A summary is given of the main features of the Red Sea circulation caused by evaporation and wind stress. Average temperature and salinity distribu- tions are discussed, and some estimates of the water budget and water renewal times are calcu- lated. (See also W70-07394). (Knapp-USGS) W70-07684

EVAPORATION, POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANS- PIRATION IN LEBANON, AND CALCULATED PICHE COEFFICIENT (IN FRENCH),

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations, Tal-Amara (Lebanon); and Lebanon

Agricultural Research Inst., Tal-Amara. Dept. of

Irrigation Engineering.

S. Sarraf, N. Vink, and A. Aboukhaled.

English summary. Magnon, Serie Scientifique,

Publication No 32, Dec 1969. 29 p, 6 fig, 5 tab, 4

append.

Descriptors: 'Evaporation, 'Evapotranspiration,

Climatology, Irrigation, Irrigation effects, Lysime-

ters, Microenvironment, Evaporation pans, Arid

lands, Semiarid climates.

Identifiers: 'Potential evapotranspiration,

'Lebanon.

Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data were reported for the Coastal Plain and Central Bedaa Valley of Lebanon over the years 1966-1969. Evaporation and PET were measured at two stations in each area: Tal-Amara and Terbol (Central Bekaa) and Abde and Tyr (Coastal Plain). PET values were obtained in the Central Bekaa through the use of 4 square-meter and 0.26 square- meter drainage lysimeters. On a monthly basis, PET agreement between the two lysimeter sizes was good. Measured PET values from Tal-Amara exceeded those from Terbol by 10%. This was probably due to lack of irrigation near Tal-Amara as compared to extensive irrigation near Terbol. During the April-September irrigation seasons in 1968 and 1969, evaporation in the Central Bekaa exceeded evaporation on the Coast by 16% (calcu- lated by the Penman method), 23% (sunken Colorado pan), and 33% (class A pan). For this same period measured PET was approximately 1 100 mm in the Central Bekaa and 800 mm on the Coast. The authors suggested suing a seasonal alpha coefficient (Bouchet formula) of 0.34 for the Lebanese Coast and 0.26 for the irrigated lands in the Central Bekaa Valley. (Carr-Arizona) W70-07768

A GENERALISED COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE PENMAN EQUA- TION FOR EVAPOTRANSPIRATION,

Aston Univ., Birmingham (England). Thomas R E. Chidley, and John G. Pike. Journal of Hydrology, Vol 10, No 1, p 75-89, Jan 1970. 15 p, 1 tab, 6 ref, 5 append.

Descriptors: 'Evapotranspiration, 'Consumptive use, Meteorological data, 'Solutions, 'Computer programs, 'Computer programming, Hydrology. Identifiers: 'Penman equation. Potential evapora- tion, ALGOL, Water budget.

A generalized computer program that has a wide application with regard to location and variety of input data is given for solving the Penman equation for evapotranspiration. The form of output is designed to provide an immediate record of poten- tial evaporation rates and a summary of the meteorological data used. The main elements of the Penman equation are in self-contained blocks, enabling changes to be made in some of the sec- tions of the program to allow for more advanced methods. Possible lines of development of this pro- gram are: ( 1 ) More sophisticated procedures for computing the saturation vapor pressure and the slope of the saturation vapor pressure for differing

WATER CYCLE— Field 02 Groundwater — Group 2F

conditions. The formulas used in the program apply only to conditions over water at normal pressure. (2) From the point where the program begins to substitute the time-averaged data into the Penman equation, the whole program, excluding output, could be written as an ALGOL procedure, enabling the formula to be more readily incorporated within the body of other programs, such as water budget problems. (3) The aerodynamic term could be modified to include a wind term based on wind profile theory incorporating surface roughness to give more reliable estimates for short time periods. (USBR) W70-07877

FOREST HYDROLOGY IN A KARSTIC RE- GION OF SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA,

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide (Australia). Div. of Soils. J. W. Holmes, and J. S. Colville. Journal of Hydrology, Vol 10, No 1, p 59-74, January 1970. 16 p, 9 fig, 3 tab, 4 ref.

Descriptors: 'Evaporation, 'Forests, *Pine trees, *Water balance, Solar radiation, Rainfall, Infiltra- tion, Soil water. Groundwater, Water table, Recharge, Water level fluctuations. Water utiliza- tion, Consumptive use. Demonstration watersheds. Identifiers: 'Australia, Gambier Plain.

Evaporation was measured in two stands of Pinus radiata in southern Australia at a location of 141 deg E, 38 deg S. The predominantly winter rainfall of about 600 mm was almost all evaporated by early summer and therefore no recharge of the local aquifer, by deep infiltration, occurred beneath the forest. The evaporation from forest during winter and spring was up to 2.2 times that from grassland. There was no soil water stress dur- ing this period but an explanation is needed for the supply of energy used in forest evaporation. The forest albedo is less than that of the pasture but the extra radiation energy absorbed by the forest is in- sufficient to explain all the increase of evaporation. Advection of sensible heat from the neighboring grassland is sometimes sufficient to explain the greater evaporation from the forests. It is thought that subsidence of continental air masses supplies an appreciable component of the energy budget. Also, advection from the Southern Ocean may supply energy to this part of southern Australia during winter and early spring. (Knapp-USGS) W70-07901

GRASSLAND HYDROLOGY IN A KARSTIC REGION OF SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA,

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide (Australia). Div. of Soils. J. W. Holmes, and J. S. Colville. Journal of Hydrology, Vol 10, No 1, p 38-58, January 1970.21 p, 11 fig, 4 tab, 11 ref.

Descriptors: 'Water requirements, 'Irrigation water, 'Hydrologic budget, 'Grasslands, 'Karst, Recharge, Evapotranspiration, Groundwater, Water table, Lysimeters, Nuclear mositure meters, Rainfall, Water utilization, Consumptive use, Water balance. Identifiers: 'Australia, Gambier Plain.

The water balance of grassland on the Gambier Plain, Australia, about 24 miles from the Southern Ocean, was investigated using lysimeters and neutron moisture meters. For the years 1961-1965, precipitation was 632 mm, evaporation was 588 mm, and underground drainage to a water table aquifer in Tertiary limestone was 63 mm. The balance item of -19 mm represents change in soil water content. The total recharge of the ground- water was estimated to be about 430,000 acre-feet per year from an area of 3 million hectares. The ir- rigation potential was assessed to be about 150,000 ha, from the annual recharge of the groundwater resource. In the highest rainfall region which has an area of 350,000 ha, about one quarter of the land could be irrigated by local groundwater. (Knapp- USGS) W70-07902

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR COOLING FACILITIES,

Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Dept. of Atmospher- ic Sciences.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 05C. W70-08125

2E. Streamflow and Runoff

FREE SURFACE, VELOCITY GRADIENT FLOW PAST HEMISPHERE,

Utah State Univ., Logan. Dept. of Hydraulic En- gineering; Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Civil Engineering; and North Dakota Univ., Grand Forks. Dept. of Civil Engineering. For primary bibliographic entry see Field 08B. W70-07657

FLOW ANALYSIS OF LARGE TRIANGULAR WEIR,

Agricultural Research Service, Chickasha, Okla. For primary bibliographic entry see Field 07B. W70-07660

EFFICIENCY OF AIR-ENTRAINING VORTEX FORMATION AT WATER INTAKE,

British Columbia Univ., Vancouver. Dept. of Civil

Engineering.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 08B.

W70-07662

INCEPTION AND ENTRAINMF.NT IN SELF- AERATED FLOWS,

Indian Inst, of Science, Bangalore. Dept. of Civil

and Hydraulic Engineering.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 08B.

W70-07670

EXPERIMENT ON AN EFFLUENT DISCHARG- ING FROM A SLOT INTO STATIONARY OR SLOW MOVING FLUID OF GREATER DENSI- TY,

Hydraulics Research Station, Wallingford (En- gland).

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 08B. W70-07672

STREAMFLOW FORECASTING, A VITAL ELE- MENT IN WATER MANAGEMENT,

Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake City, Utah. For primary bibliographic entry see Field 07B. W70-07677

TRANSIENT AND ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOUR OF RESERVOIRS WITH NON-PERSISTENT SEASONAL INFLOWS,

Lancaster Univ., Bailrigg (England).

E.H.Lloyd.

Journal of Hydrology, Vol 10, No 3, p 243-258,

April 1970. 16p, 6 ref.

Descriptors: 'Reservoir storage, 'Mathematical models, 'Stochastic processes, 'Statistical models, Streamflow forecasting, Statistics, Reservoir yield, Reservoir operation, Markov processes. Identifiers: Reservoir forecasting. Reservoir management.

A mathematical model for a reservoir system com- prises stochastic inflow, storage, and outflow. It has been shown that, when one approximates the con- tinuum of water quantity by discrete units, and con- tinuous time by discrete epochs, the sequence of statistically independent inflows gives rise to a Mar- kovian sequence of reservoir contents. A complete solution contains a time-dependent ('transient') term, involving the initial configuration of the reservoir, as well as a constant ('asymptotic') com- ponent, which is independent of the initial condi- tions. In order to facilitate the solution, the Lang- bein model has been further simplified by coarsen- ing the subdivision of the reservoir to only three

states - empty, half-full and completely full. (K-

napp-USGS)

W70-07898

THE ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF FROM RAIN- FALL FOR NEW BRUNSWICK WATERSHEDS,

Nelson Basin Board, Regina (Saskatchewan); and

New Brunswick Univ., Fredericton. Dept. of Civil

Engineering.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 02A.

W70-07904

RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS EX- PRESSED BY DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS,

Toronto Univ. (Ontario). Dept. of Civil Engineer- ing.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 02A. W70-07905

A HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL STUDY RE- LATED TO THE DISTRD3UTION OF PRECUMTATION AND RUNOFF OVER SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS - URBAN VERSUS RURAL AREAS,

Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Water Resources Inst.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 04C. W70-07980

2F. Groundwater

DYNAMICS OF AN ARIZONA TRAVERTINE- FORMING STREAM,

Arizona State Univ., Tempe.

Gerald A. Cole, and George L. Batchelder.

Journal of the Arizona Academy of Sciences, Vol

5, No 4, p 271-283, October 1968. 3 fig, 6 tab, 40

ref.

Descriptors: 'Travertine, 'Calcium carbonate, •Discharge measurements, 'Surface-ground water relationships, 'Carbon dioxide, Calcite, Calcium compounds, Hardness (Water), Alkalinity, Hydrogen ion concentration, Water properties, Ox- ygen, Cations, Anions, Magnesium, Arizona. Identifiers: 'Limnocrene environments, 'Montezu- ma well, Oxygen productivity. Total equivalents.

Waters leaving a limnocrene environment, Mon- tezuma Well, Yavapai County, Arizona, were stu- died at 3 successive stations downstream from the well outlet in June and December, 1968. In all in- stances there was a loss of total millequivalents of principal ions per liter between stations 1-IH and II- III and a slight gain between stations III Computed oxygen productivity was considered comparable to most eutrophic waters. About 90 percent of the free carbon dioxide was lost from the outlet to sta- tion III, in June, amounting to an average of 1.0 to 1.7 mg/liter/minute. In October the range was 1.6- 1.7 mg/liter/minute. At stations II and III, the pH increased with carbon dioxide losses, amounting to 0.72 and 0.23 untis in June and 0.76 and 0.07 units in October. It was speculated that the free carbon dioxide content in incoming waters may be highly variable. CI, Na, K, Mg and sulfate ions were con- stant at all stations. Microparticulate calcium car- bonate caused differences in alkalinity and hard- ness figures, and a mean of 88.8 kilograms per day of calcium carbonate was deposited between sta- tions II and III, or about 4 percent of the amount in the flow per hour. (Casey - Arizona) W70-07781

GRASSLAND HYDROLOGY IN A KARSTIC REGION OF SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA,

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide (Australia). Div. of Soils. For primary bibliographic entry see Field 02D. W70-07902

Field 02— WATER CYCLE Group 2F — Groundwater

RELATION OF SEA WATER TO FRESH WATER IN CARBONATE ROCKS IN COASTAL AREAS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FLORIDA, U.S.A., AND CEPHALONIA (KEPHALLINIA), GREECE, Geological Survey, Washington, DC. V. T. Stringfield, and H. E. LeGrand. Journal of Hydrology, Vol 9, No 4, p 387-404, December 1969. 1 8 p, 9 fig, 1 8 ref.

Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, 'Saline water intrusion, *Karst, *Florida, Aquifers, Salini- ty, Sea water, Saline water systems. Sinks, Springs, Lakes, Density, Water circulation, Hydrogeology. Identifiers: Cephalonia (Greece).

The principles controlling the equilibrium between the denser salty water and the lighter fresh water in coastal aquifers apply to carbonate as well as sand systems. However, under certain equilibrium con- ditions of fresh and salt water in parts of some car- bonate aquifers unusual hydrologic phenomena result. Hydrologic conditions at Tarpon Springs, Florida, and Cephalonia, Greece, include deep ver- tical openings as sinkholes through a relatively im- pervious part of the aquifer system. In both cases the tops of the sinkholes or natural wells are ex- posed to sea water. At Tarpon Springs the dynamic equilibrium between salt water and fresh water fluctuates so that the flow of salt water from the spring to a lake 2 miles away is sometimes reversed. At Cephalonia, the head of fresh water does not ex- ceed the head of salty water in the sinkholes; the flow of sea water into the aquifer, aided by a shal- low channel from the sea, is continuous, and the water level in the sinkhole is continuously depressed below sea level. Both cases represent a partially confined U-tube system where water at the seaward, sinkhole end is denser than at the other end and where a low fresh-water head is less than the salt-water head. (Knapp-USGS) W70-07906

U-234/U-238 DISEQUILIBRIUM AS AN AID TO HYDROLOGIC STUDY OF THE FLORIDAN AQUIFER,

Florida State Univ., Tallahassee. Dept. of Geology. M. I. Kaufman, H. S. Rydell, and J. K. Osmond. Journal of Hydrology, Vol 9, No 4, p 374-386, December 1969. 13 p, 7 fig, 1 tab, 23 ref. Project A-005-FLA.

Descriptors: *Tracking techniques, 'Groundwater, 'Florida, 'Uranium radioisotopes. Tracers, Karst, Aquifers, Hydrogeology, Radioactivity techniques. Permeability, Groundwater movement, Water chemistry, Trace elements. Identifiers: Floridan aquifer.

Investigation of the distribution and environmental disequilibrium patterns of naturally occurring uranium isotopes (U-234, U-238) in waters of the Floridan aquifer in north Florida, utilizing the analytical methods of isotope dilution and alpha- particle spectrometry, indicates that variations in isotopic activity ratios and concentrations are re- lated to the regional hydrogeologic framework. In- terpretation is possible in terms of regional permea- bility characteristics including the existence of hydrologic barriers, groundwater circulation pat- terns, sources of waters from various parts of the hydrologic environment, and areas of extensive Pleistocene leaching within the Floridan aquifer. (Knapp-USGS) W70-07907

2G. Water in Soils

CHANGES IN SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS RESULTING FROM OVERGRAZING AND IHEIR < OYSEQUENCES IN PLANT COMMU- M I IKS OF SKMI-ARID AREAS,

University of New England. Armidale (Australia)

Dept <if Botany.

I I Charley, and SW Cowling

Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia.

Vol 3. p 28- IX, 1968 3 fig. 6 lab. 3D ref

Descriptors: 'Desert plants, 'Cycling nutrients, 'Essential nutrients, 'Organic matter, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, On-site data collection. Soil-water- plant relationships, Nutrient requirements, Ero- sion, Arid lands, Biomass, Annual turnover. Productivity, Degradation (Decomposition). Identifiers: 'Australia, Degraded areas.

It is argued that limitation of essential nutrients and not water are the limiting factors in plant biomass in arid regions. Nitrogen content in the soil is large- ly a function of nodulating legumes and input is limited by active plant growth. Arid regions have less N than humid regions and Australia has less than other arid regions. Soil organic matter is low in deserts because sparse rainfall limits decay periods. Soil phosporus is little affected by climatic- factors or natural input and is mainly governed by the P content of parent material. Soils at the lower end of the fertility spectrum show the greatest rela- tive accumulation of nutrients near the surface and organic carbon, total N and available P and nitrate production fall away sharply with increasing depth. Measurements in a saltbush community showed that the total leaf and fruit litter fall for a year was greater than the weight of leaf held in the commu- nity, indicating a high recycling rate. In an over- grazed area with a soil truncation fo 10 cm due to erosion it was estimated that 35% of total circulat- ing N, 45% of organic matter and greater than 22% of an already low P is lost. Efforts to furrow the area and eliminate grazing did not increase plant production. It was concluded that probably not lack of rainfall but low P limited N production and the whole system of nutrients is delicately balanced by a high recycling process which is easily disturbed. (Casey-Arizona) W70-07761

HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND CERTAIN SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSOILS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DRAINAGE DESIGN IN THE ALLUVIAL SOILS OF U.A.R.,

Ain Shams Univ., Cairo (Egypt). Dept. of Soils.

Hassan Hamdi, Salah El Din Metw; lly, and Bishay

Guindi.

Journal of Soil Science of the U.A R., Vol 8, No 1 ,

p 5 1-70, 1968. 4 tab, 13 ref.

Descriptors: 'Hydraulic conductivity, 'Drainage, 'Groundwater movement, 'Permeability, 'Soil texture, Compaction, Fractures (Geology), Alluvi- um, Anion exchange, Cation adsorption, Electrical conductivity. Clays, Fine-textured soils, Sediments, Impermeability, On-site tests, Drilling, Soil surveys, Soil chemical properties, Soil physical properties. Drains, Data collections. Identifiers: United Arab Republic.

The proper orientation and placement of drains relative to the most permeable layers of the soil profile is considered a function of hydraulic con- ductivity. Previously the hydraulic conductivities of alluvial soil in the U.A.R. were determined by stu- dying soil texture. This study utilized the auger hole method, below the water table, to determine rela- tionships between hydraulic conductivity and vari- ous soil characteristics: electrical conductivity, soluble anions, SAR, and exchangeable cations. None were found. Additionally, no apparent rela- tionships between hydraulic conductivity and vari- ous textural fractions could be established. It was concluded that the hydraulic conductivity, for a given soil volume, is a function of various passageways for water, such as cleavages and fis- sures. These channels cannot be determined by tex- tural analyses and it is therefore inadvisable to use textural characteristics alone as a criterion for drain spacing. Also, impermeable layers are probably the result of some interaction between: ( 1 ) A high percentage of fine clay combining with the high water table, causing stratification, and (2) Compression of deep layers by overlying surface layers resulting in less aeration (Casey-Arizona) W70-07762

CONTROL OF SOIL MOISTURE DURING SPRINKLER IRRIGATION,

Utah State Univ.. Logan Dept of Agricultural and

Irrigation Engineering

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 03F

W70-07769

MICROBIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE ARID ZONE,

Cornell Univ Ithaca. NY Lab of Soil Microbiolo- gy.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 03F. W70-07779

THE ASSESSMENT OF SOIL WATER STATUS AS IT AFFECTS PLANT WATER USE,

National Vegetable Research Station, Wel-

lesbourne (England).

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 021.

W70-07799

THE QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SOIL MOISTURE STATES IN NATURAL HABITATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MOIST SOILS,

University Coll. of Wales, Aberystwyth. V. I. Stewart, and W. A. Adams. Measurement of Environmental Factors in Ter- restrial Ecology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, p 161-173, 1968. I fig, 3 tab, 6 ref.

Descriptors: 'Drainage, 'Moisture content, 'Soil water, 'Porosity, 'Soil moisture. Field capacity, Soil profiles. Soil horizons. Soil properties. Soil in- vestigations, Soil water movements. Sampling, Pore sizes. Cores, Retention.

Identifiers: *pF values, 'Waterlogged percentage. 'Drainage